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Cardiology - Electrophysiology Cardiology - Interventional Cardiology - Invasive Cardiology - Non-Invasive Pediatrics - Cardiology Surgery - Cardiovascular TeleCardiology Anesthesiology - Cardiac
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Cardiology is the branch of internal medicine dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels. The field is commonly divided in the branches of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called cardiologists.

The term cardiology is derived from the Greek word καρδιά (transliterated as kardia and meaning heart or inner self).

Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electrical current flow on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole tissues like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity.

Definition provided by Wikipedia

Cardiologists should not be confused with cardiac surgeons who are surgeons who perform cardiac surgery - operative procedures on the heart and great vessels.

A cardiac surgery residency typically comprises anywhere from six to nine years (or longer) of training to become a fully qualified surgeon. Cardiac surgery training may be combined with thoracic surgery and / or vascular surgery and called cardiovascular (CV) / cardiothoracic (CT) / cardiovascular thoracic (CVT) surgery. Cardiac surgeons may enter a cardiac surgery residency directly from medical school, or first complete a general surgery residency followed by a fellowship. Cardiac surgeons may further sub-specialize cardiac surgery by doing a fellowship in a variety of topics including: pediatric cardiac surgery, cardiac transplantation, adult acquired heart disease, etc.

Cardiac surgery training in the United States is combined with thoracic surgery and called cardiothoracic surgery. Cardiothoracic surgeons in the U.S. first complete a general surgery residency (typically five to seven years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery residency. The Cardiothoracic surgery residency typically spans two or three years, but certification is based on the number of surgeries performed as the operating surgeon, not the time spent in the program, in addition to passing rigorous board certification tests. Recently, however, options for a six-year cardiothoracic residency (in place of the general surgery residency plus fellowship) have been established at a few select institutions. The American Board of Thoracic Surgery offers a special pathway certificate in congenital heart surgery which typically requires an additional year of fellowship. This formal certificate is unique because pediatric cardiac surgeons in other countries do not have formal evaluation and recognition of pediatric training by a licensing body.

Information provided by Wikipedia

Examples of subspecialties within Cardiology available to physicians in the US are:

• Cardiology - Electrophysiology

• Cardiology - Intervential

• Cardiology - Invasive

• Cardiology - Non-Invasive

• Pediatrics - Cardiology

• Surgery - Cardiovasular

• TeleCardiology